Life is but a game. Disagree? Read on. Game theory is about what you choose to do in strategic situations, in which an individual's success in making choices depends on the choices of others. I found it fascinating that how some intricate situations are plainly explained by Game theory, and how the theory can actually illuminate how the society works. Here comes the famous "Prisoner's Dilemma", and many other varieties of situations where people are forced to make difficult decisions with regard what others do. Dilemmas emerges and people make choices to maximize his own benefit. For example, in Prisoner's Dilemma, two prisoners can cooperate with each other and get the best result for both, or chose to defect in order to get free (suppose the other keeps silence), but it always turns out that both defect and both get the maximum penalty. However if they are allowed to learn from their past experiences, they will make different choices. After collecting a large amount of data from all kinds of people under different situations, the mathematicians found out several conditions are necessary for a strategy to be successful: - Nice/Optmistic
- The most important condition is that the strategy must be "nice", that is, it will not defect before its opponent does. Almost all of the top-scoring strategies were nice; therefore a purely selfish strategy will not "cheat" on its opponent, for purely utilitarian reasons first.
- Retaliating
- However, the successful strategy must not be a blind optimist. It must sometimes retaliate. Always cooperating is a very bad choice, as "nasty" strategies will ruthlessly exploit such players.
- Forgiving
- Successful strategies must also be forgiving. Though players will retaliate, they will once again fall back to cooperating if the opponent does not continue to play defects. This stops long runs of revenge and counter-revenge, maximizing points.
- Non-envious
- The last quality is being non-envious, that is not striving to score more than the opponent (impossible for a ‘nice’ strategy, i.e., a 'nice' strategy can never score more than the opponent).
Just think how true these principles are. Also, it's mind-boggling to think that morality is a calculated strategy based on Gaming theory, where you behave nice to achieve the most individual benefit for YOURSELF. Life is but a game. |